Formal and informal appropriation mechanisms: The role of openness and innovativeness

This paper analyses how firms’ degree of openness and innovativeness influence their use of formal and informal appropriation mechanisms. Patents, trademarks, copyrights, and design rights are formal appropriation mechanisms. Secrecy, lead-time, and complexity are examples of informal appropriation mechanisms. Both external search breadth and depth are positively associated with firms’ use of informal appropriation mechanisms, while only external search breadth is positively associated with formal appropriation mechanisms. Firms’ degree of radical (incremental) innovation orientation is negatively (positively) associated with their use of formal appropriation mechanisms. Analysis of the joint impact of openness and innovativeness, suggests that for radical innovators it is external search breadth (rather than depth) that has a positive association with the use of informal appropriation mechanisms. In contrast, for radical innovators external search depth (rather than breadth) is associated with the use of formal appropriation mechanisms. For incremental innovators, external search breadth (rather than depth) is associated with the use of both formal and informal appropriation mechanisms.     

Re‐Visiting Financial Development and Economic Growth Nexus: The Role of Capitalization in Bangladesh

This paper revisits the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Bangladesh by incorporating trade openness in production function using quarter frequency data over the period of 1976‐2012. We applied combined Bayer–Hanck cointegration approach to examine cointegration among the series. Our empirical evidence suggests that development of financial sector facilitates economic growth but capitalization impedes it. In addition, trade openness stimulates economic growth. Labour is also positively linked to economic growth. The vector error correction model Granger causality results divulge that financial development causes real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and resultantly, real per capita GDP growth causes financial development in a Granger sense. The results also show that trade and labour Granger cause economic growth. The findings of the paper provide insights for policymakers to use financial development and trade openness as a tool for sustained economic growth in the long run. The paper also suggests policymakers to utilise capitalization in a way that is beneficial for economic growth of Bangladesh.     

我国资本外逃与经济开放度的实证研究:1982-2004年

本文以国际收支平衡表中的经常账户和资本与金融账户为基础,分别从实体经济层面的贸易开放度和金融层面的投资开放度来界定我国的经济开放度指标,运用两变量VAR系统分析方法对1982-2004年我国资本外逃规模与经济开放度各指标之间的关系进行实证研究,结果表明二者之间具有显著的正向协整关系,相对投资开放度而言,贸易开放度对资本外逃规模有较大的影响。基于此结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

对外开放对中国地区差异及省际迁移流的影响

对外开放扩大了中国各省之间的发展不平衡 ,导致了大规模的劳动力流动。利用 1990年、2 0 0 0年的人口普查和 1995年的 1%人口抽样调查数据 ,分析了 1985 - 2 0 0 0年间对外开放以及其他因素对中国省际人口迁移的作用。对外开放的作用在 2 0世纪 90年代后期有了明显的加强 ,外向型经济不仅能吸收本地劳动力 ,减弱其迁出倾向 ,而且能对外省劳动力形成非常明显的拉力。     

贸易开放度与经济增长:基于中国与印度的比较研究

本文基于新经济增长理论,从贸易开放度视角对中国与印度经济增长进行了比较分析。结果表明:两国贸易开放度存在明显结构差异,中国以商品贸易为主,而印度服务贸易份额远高于中国;中国的总体贸易开放度高于印度,但两者之间的差距随着印度外贸加速发展而缩小;两国贸易开放度与经济增长存在长期均衡关系,中国贸易开放度对经济增长的促进效应略高于印度,但中国面临着由贸易引发的人民币升值和外部失衡冲突问题。     

出口额与GDP比率影响因素的系统考察

出口额与国内生产总值(GDP)的比率是衡量一国经济开放度的重要指标之一,但由于该比率的影响因素众多,不同国家出口额与GDP的比率往往缺乏可比性,所以不能简单地以各国出口额与GDP比率的大小来判断各国经济开放度的高低。本文通过对出口额与GDP比率影响因素的系统考察,阐释在对一个国家或地区出口额和GDP的比率进行纵向和横向比较时必须关注的比较基础。     

对外开放与我国经济增长的实证分析

本文通过建立对外开放度内生化的生产函数,运用协整方法,对我国对外开放与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:我国的实际产出、对外开放度、实际资本存量与就业人口之间,至少存在单向的因果关系;从长期来看,变量之间存在一种稳定的均衡关系,对外开放度越高,经济增长越快;从短期来看,均衡关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度较慢。     

中国经济开放度与经济增长关系的实证分析

改革开放以来,中国对外贸易迅速发展,吸收FDI以及对外直接投资规模不断扩大,国民经济长期保持高速增长。通过贸易开放度和投资开放度两个指标测算中国的经济开放度,并在此基础上运用VAR模型和冲击反应模型对中国经济开放度与经济增长之间的关系进行经验检验。结果表明,贸易开放度和投资开放度对中国经济增长的作用存在较大的差异。进一步的动态研究发现,在不同的发展阶段,经济开放度对中国经济增长的冲击作用也存在较大的差异。     

服务贸易发展与上海国际贸易中心建设研究

上海国际贸易中心,不仅是货物贸易中心,也是服务贸易中心。上海服务贸易的发展与开放有利于产业结构转型,形成货物贸易与服务贸易的协调发展,也有利于继承上海历史、文化等综合优势。本文对发展与开放上海服务贸易,推进上海国际贸易中心建设提出一些政策建议。     

Pollution,energy use,GDP and trade: estimating the long-run relationship for Vietnam

Since the beginning of economic reform in the 1980s and, in particular, with its openness to international trade accelerating since the 1990s, the Vietnamese economy has registered significant growth. At the same time, energy consumption and the level of pollution in Vietnam has also increased. This article aims to focus on the link between openness to trade and pollution in Vietnam. Due to lack of data, very few existing studies have focused on Vietnam. Using annual data from1980 to 2011 and employing the bounds testing approach to cointegration, based on an autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) model, we find that there is a statistically significant long-run relationship amongst pollution, openness to trade, energy consumption and real national income in Vietnam. This conclusion continues to hold when the possibility of a structural break in the relationship is allowed for using the Gregory-Hansen approach to cointegration. Analysis of the cointegration relationship suggests that, in response to any exogenous shock to the system, adjustment back to the long-run equilibrium is very fast.